2.2.2-+Indian+Imp.+Manage.

=__**2.2.2- Indian Imperial Management**__ = By: Lauren Lucas and Natalie Prisciandaro

__ ** The Basic Gist: ** __ The Mauryan and Gupta empires existed from 322 B.C.E. to 185 B.C.E and 320 C.E. to 500 C.E., respectively. These South Asian empires held great influence over surrounding areas, similar to the neighboring Roman Empire, due to their great wealth in a multitude of areas ranging from mathematics and astronomy to religion and philosophy. The Mauryan and Gupta Empires were founded by Chandragupta Maurya and Maharaja Sri-Gupta, respectively.



**__Maurya Empire- 322 B.C.E to 185 B.C.E.__** ** Legal System **
 * The Mauryan Empire had an absolute monarchy, which is described in the Arthashastra.
 * Chandragupta Maurya was the founder and first emperor, followed by his son, Bindusara, and followed again by his grandson, Ashoka.
 * 60 years after Ashoka’s death, this great empire began it’s decline
 * The empire was divided into four provinces, with the capital, Pataliputra.
 * Provinces were Tosali in the east, Ujjain in the west, Suvarnagiri in the south, and Taxila in the north.
 * Maurya is described by historians as an extensive bureaucracy with a sophisticated civil service that governed everything from municipal hygiene to international trade.
 * A large standing army allowed for expansion and kept peace within the empire.




 * Military **
 * The expansion and defense of Maurya was possible by the largest standing army of its time. According to Megasthenes, a Greek ambassador and historian, the empire wielded a military of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, and 9,000 war elephants.
 * A vastspy system collected intelligence for both internal and external security purposes. After renouncing war and expansion, Ashoka nevertheless continued to maintain a large army, to protect the Empire and instill stability and peace across West and South Asia.
 * Emperors Chandragupta and Bindusara expanded empire into central and southern regions of India.
 * Under Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan Empire, it gained power by taking advantage of the disrupted satraps(provinces) that were abandoned when Alexander the Great’s Greek and Persian armies withdrew.
 * Bindusara, son of Chandragupta is said to have been the one who conquered the whole subcontinent from ocean to ocean, except for the region of Kalinga.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">By 320 B.C.E. Maurya occupied all of Northwestern India.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Maurya reached 5,000,000 sq. km. It was one of the largest empires of its time and largest ever in the Indian subcontinent.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ashoka, grandson of Chandragupta, was a brilliant commander who crushed revolts in Ujjain and Taxila.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">He then conquered the Kalinga region, but it was a devastating war that negatively affected hundreds of thousands of people.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ashoka felt remorse, and converted to Buddhism, and renounced war and violence from then on.



<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Imperial Administration**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Mauryans also used diplomatic ways to settle territorial problems.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In 305 B.C.E., Seleucus I of the Seleucid Empire tried to reconquer northwestern India, but failed. Chandragupta and Seleucus came to a treaty in which the Greeks offered their princess in return for an alliance and help from Maurya.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Seleucus received 500 war elephants, which helped him triumph in a battle at Ipsus.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Diplomatic relations were established with the other Hellenistic West kingdoms and several Greeks served in the Mauryan Court as ambassadors
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mauryans and Greeks also exchanged gifts and presents, like special foods and aphrodisiacs.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trade and Economic Integration **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Under Chandragupta and his successors, internal and external trade, agriculture and economic activities, all thrived and expanded across India thanks to the creation of a single and efficient system of finance, administration, and security.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Mauryan Empire was the first civilization in South Asia where political unity allowed for a common economic system and enhanced trade, with increased agricultural productivity.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Before this empire, there were hundreds of small kingdoms, and farmers were under tax and crop collections burdens from the regional kings. Farmer were freed of these burdens with a national administered and a strict-but-fair system of taxation.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Chandragupta established a single currency, panas, across India, along with regional governors and administrators who kept justice and security for merchants, farmers, and traders.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Mauryan army kept the empire safe by wiping out gangs of bandits, private armies, and private chieftains who tried to get their own power in small areas.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Maurya traded with the Greek states in West Asia and into Europe, along through the Malay peninsula into Southeast Asia.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Goods exported include silks, textiles, spices, and exotic foods.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trade was further increased by the peace within the empire, roads, waterways, canals, hospitals, rest-houses, and other public works that Ashoka had built.

__ ** Gupta Empire- 320 C.E. to 500 C.E: ** __ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Legal Systems **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hierarchy of administrative divisions from the top down [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin_of_their_son_Samudragupta_350_380_CE.jpg/211px-Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin_of_their_son_Samudragupta_350_380_CE.jpg width="211" height="216" align="right" caption="Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta depicted on a coin " link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Kumaradevi_and_King_Chandragupta_I_on_a_coin_of_their_son_Samudragupta_350_380_CE.jpg"]]
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Kings reside over all administration
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Considered a prosperous period by rulers
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mild Penal Code; offenders punished by fines only
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The empire was divided into several provinces for easier law enforcement and tax assesment
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Each had viceroys who were appointed from amongst the members of the royal family
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Sub-divided into a series of district, each with its own administrative centre.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Local administration of the district was free to make decisions on governing the area, essentially free from central control, except in matters which may have dealt with central policies.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Highest officer in a district was known as the kumaramatya and he was the link between centre and the district.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Villages were organized under rural bodies which consisted of the headman and village elders. I
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The council had several officers like the President of the City corporation, the chief representative of the guild of merchants, a representative of the artisans and the chief scribe.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Gupta system of urban and rural administration was based on encouraging as much local participation
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The government gained land revenue from from a variety of sources; direct tax on the land and tax on the land’s produce
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Developed judicial system.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Various councils which were authorized to resolve disputes that arose; the village assembly or the trade guild.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">King presided over the highest court of appeal and he was assisted by various judges, ministers and priests, etc...
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Judgments were usually made based on legal texts, social customs or specific edicts from the king.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Military Power **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Well organized and disciplined - commanders like Samudragupta and Chandragupta II combined armed tactics and proper logistical organization in order to be successful as an army
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Guptas relied heavily on infantry archers [[image:https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTFY-aUvpR2QHoQATk-k-OiabdtqKFKQy3n_EI1MR5qRvd1xL38iA width="189" height="266" align="right" caption="Depiction of a Guptan archer"]]
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Utilized war elephants that provided armour and an element of suprise for the unsuspecting enemy
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">India historically has had a prominent reputation for its steel weapons
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The steel bow; capable of long range and penetration of exceptionally thick armor. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Guptas also maintained a navy, allowing them to control nearby bodies of water

media type="youtube" key="Yos_SWV8eaY?feature=player_embedded" height="360" width="640" align="center"

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trade **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Strong trade ties allowed their culture to influence other nearby civilizations
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Spread many intellectual, religious and culutural ideas
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mathmatics; the concept of the number zero, the number PI (3.14), and the decimal system
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Literature; Kalidasa, reguarded as one of the greatest poets and dramatists
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Medicine; printed many medical guides revealing the use of over 500 plants used for healing and the classifaction of nearly 1000 diseases, also provided evidence of plastic surgery and c-sections being performed by surgeons
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Astronomoy; solar calendar, belief that the world is round
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Citizens were free to trade and aspire for greater wealth and business opportunities, unlike many classical civilizations
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Earned great wealth through trade with the Roman Empire
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trade routes and means of transportaion allowed goods to be easily transported throughout the country
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Used pack animals to travel by road and sailed the Arabian sea, China seas, and the Indian Ocean to trade overseas



<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Economic Integration ** >>>
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Agriculture maintained it’s importance in the economy of the Guptas but progress in industry and trade allowed less dependence on farming
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Operated without major interference from government and offered money t reasonable rates that helped industry growth
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Made up of guilds who organized the labor
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Created set of laws for all guilds to follow, including the government
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Formed smaller corporation to control individual markets
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">One of the most important industries in the Gupta period was the textile industry; significant domestically and globally
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Other important industries of the period were ivory work, stone cutting and carving, metal work especially in metals like gold, silver, copper, iron, lead and bronze, the selling of pearls and other precious stones, and different styles of pottery
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Buddhist Church had a large amount of capital that enabled them to lend money, while gaining interest, and also renting land
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: cambria; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Used gold as currency

__**Final Summary**__
 * In the art of the Gupta and Mauryans, the detailed sculptures and carvings in ivory, stone, and metal greatly influenced South Asia's art and architecture. As for geography, when Alexander the Great's forces pulled out of the Indian area, Maurya took over the land. Also, about 500 years after the Mauryan empire fell, the Guptan Empire gained power in the same area as the Mauryans- the Indian sub-continent. The militaries of both the Gupta and Maurya were strong. The Mauryans army was more harsh and larger, while the Gupta had a navy that could control the waters. The Maurya did not have a navy. Both of these empires had a caste system, but this system did not spread to surrrounding areas. The two empires were both absolute monarchies, with successions of kings who were both just and strict. The religions of both these empires were Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. Buddhism spread throughout India after Ashoka embraced it. Guptas had many innovative inventions and discoveries in science, technology, engineering, art, language, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy. Many of these innovations we still use today. Finally, the economies of these two empires were rich, due to trading with both Europe and all of Asia. The Gupta traded with the Romans, while the Mauryans traded with the Greeks.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bibliography **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Text:
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 * 2) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">__[|http://books.google.com/books?id=dY8Et2PjBRsC&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=south+asian+empires+legal+systems&source=bl&ots=Lw7ZnJqOPs&sig=E5eeP00h0iBcERqciYAom5Hi-7c&hl=en&ei=zqC8TrOFDafr0gHZupTJBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false]__
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 * 4) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">__[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire#Gupta_administration]__
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 * 6) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire__]

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